There are a large number of stone carvings, stone carvings and stone crafts in China. It can be roughly classified according to the application and production method. Stone carvings and stone carvings are generally divided into round carvings, reliefs, sinking sculptures, wall carvings, hollow carvings (openwork carvings), line carvings, shadow carvings, micro-carvings, inscriptions, and inscriptions, each with its own characteristics. And unique style. Stone carvings and stone carvings classified according to the production method will be described in detail in the fourth section of this chapter, "Processing of Stone Carvings and Stone Carving Crafts." Stone carvings, stone carvings and stone crafts are widely used. Generally, they are mostly used as decorative artworks. The most used ones in China are as follows: 1. Ornamental, hanging and collecting stone craft jewelry The production and use of such stone crafts in China has been around for thousands of years and is still a favorite of people. It is mainly made of various jade and colored stone. It includes various jade ornaments of various eras, various ornamental stones such as Taihu Stone, Yuhua Stone and Three Gorges Stone, as well as stone carvings and stone carving vases made of various marbles and colored stones. The jade ornaments unearthed from the Yin ruins, the jade carvings unearthed from the Qin Emperor's Mausoleum and the antiques buried in various historical stages have many such stone craft ornaments and stone carvings. From the Spring and Autumn Period Wu Wangxuan period, Taihu Lake was used to decorate gardens, parks and courtyards. Nowadays, these are still popular ornamental stones. Second, the grotto and the cliff stone carving The grottoes and cliff stone carvings began in the late Han Dynasty, in the Wei, Jin, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. They flourished in the Tang and Tang Dynasties and continued to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Its development is closely related to Buddhist culture, and the statues of stone carvings mainly depend on Buddha pictures. Thousands of stone carved statues in various grottoes, in various forms and costumes, occupy an important position in the history of culture and art. In the various caves, there are also colorful architectural figures such as temples, towers, ridges, pavilions, beams, arches, and algae wells, reflecting the architectural styles of the past. During the more than a thousand years from the 4th century to the 13th century, the statues of grottoes and stone Buddhas spread throughout the country in more than a dozen provinces and autonomous regions. The time and scale are the only in the world art history. It is known as the "Pearl". And "the art of immortality" is a vast and amazing art museum, brilliant. Among the grottoes and cliffs, the most representative and famous in the world are the Dunhuang Grottoes, the Yungang Grottoes, the Longmen Grottoes, the Dazu Grottoes in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Others such as the Sichuan Leshan Stone Carving Buddha and the Northern Wei Gansu Anxi Yulin Grottoes, Tianshui Maiji Mountain Grottoes, Qingyang Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes, Northern Weihebei Xiangyuetang Caves, Ningxia Suimi Mountain Caves in the Tang Dynasty, Tang and Song Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, Kyrgyzstan Thousand Buddha Caves, Tang Sichuan Guangyuan Huangze Temple It is also famous for its stone carvings and thousand Buddha stone carvings, the West Lake Grottoes in Hangzhou in the Song Dynasty, and the Shizhong Mountain Grottoes in Jianchuan, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Grotto stone cliff carvings are generally carved on the walls of sandstone or limestone. Third, the cemetery stone carving The cemetery stone carving is a large type of Chinese stone carving. It has a long history and a large scale. It is mainly composed of stone statues of mausoleums, stone carvings such as stone plaques, stone reliefs and tombs. Carved figures of various writers, military commanders, ladies, waiters and other stone statues and stone horses, stone elephants, stone camels and all kinds of stone beasts, stone birds, stone rabbits, lifelike, vivid and vivid. Many of them are rare treasures. The artistic works of stone carvings and stone carvings, such as the stone carvings of the Matang Huns in the Tomb of Huo to the Western Han Dynasty, the stone carvings of the Dongwu Tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the tombs of the Guotang Tombs of Xiaotang Mountain in Changqing County, the Eighteen Tombs of the Tang Dynasty in Shaanxi and Hebei Three hundred miles stone carving museum", the five generations of the stone carving of Wang Jian tomb in Chengdu, Sichuan, the stone tomb of Hangzhou Yuefei tomb in the Southern Song Dynasty, the stone statue of Shendao of Shenming, Nanjing, and the stone statue of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing Ming Tombs, and the stone carving of the "Ground Palace", Hebei Zunhuaqing The stone carvings of the Tombs of the Tombs of the Tombs of the Tombs of the Eastern Tombs and the Qing Dynasty in the Yixian County, as well as the stone carvings of the Confucian stone statues from the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty in the Qufu of Shandong Province and the Nanjing Zhongshan Stone Carvings in Jiangsu Province. These stone carvings and stone carvings are all national key cultural relics, and they are mostly marble sculptures. For example, Yuling Stone Statue of Qingdong Mausoleum in Malantun, Zunhua County, Hebei Province, and Nanjing Mingxiaoling Stone Statue Road. 4. Palace, house and garden stone carving Among the palaces, official residences, houses and gardens of the royal and royal families, stone carvings and stone carvings can be seen everywhere. The ancient buildings are very large and magnificent, and the carving skills are exquisite. It is a huge treasure house of Chinese culture and art and a national key cultural relic. Among them, the famous stone sculptures are the stone carvings of the Daming Palace in the Tang Dynasty, the Confucius stone inscriptions from the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Beihai Garden City, the Potala Palace, the Shenyang Imperial Palace, the Summer Palace, the Summer Resort, and the Prince Gong Garden. And Yuanmingyuan stone carvings. In such stone sculptures, most of them are carved with stone pillars and columns. The most famous features of the carved dragons, such as the stone carved dragon column and the Imperial Palace stone plate dragon royal road, etc., are mostly built with marble carving. The remains of the Dashui stone carvings on the site of the Yuanmingyuan in Beijing, and the stone carvings of the immortals. 5. Stone carvings such as temple shrines and stone altar carvings are widely distributed in China, with a large number and a long history. There are many famous stone carvings and stone carvings. For example, from the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the marble stone carvings of the Chongsheng Temple in the Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, and the white marble stone carvings of the Laojun Temple in the Huaqingguan, the stone carvings of the Jin Dynasty in the Song Dynasty, the stone carvings of the Confucius Temple in the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, and the Suzhou Temple of the Western Song Dynasty. The marble carvings of Guangsheng Temple in the Ming Dynasty, the stone carvings of the Tiantan in the Ming Dynasty, the stone carvings of the Lama Temple in the Qing Dynasty (the largest lama temple in the royal family), the stone carvings of the Wuhou Temple, the stone carvings of the Kaiyuan Temple and the stone carvings of the temples from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, and the stone carvings of the Foshan Ancestral Temple. Stone carvings and stone carvings include stone carvings such as stone pillars, foundations, columns and shrines, such as four diamond carvings. Six, stone bridge stone carving China has a long history of stone-building bridges, and many of them are representative monuments of building bridges, which have an important position in the history of international bridge construction. In the construction of stone bridges, the method of applying stone carving art for decoration is very common, and it has been around since ancient times. For example, the Xiaoshang Bridge in Linying County, Henan Province, was built in the Sui Dynasty (AD 584). It was slightly earlier than the famous Daji Bridge in Anji, Hebei Province. Although it has been over a thousand years, the people and objects on the bridge surface are exquisite. Chic, so far no distortion, well preserved. The water-absorbing beast carved in the middle of the main hole of the bridge, the stone carving of the top layer of the pier, the "flying horse stepping cloud" carved on the bridge arch, the faucet carved on the joint between the main hole and the abdominal hole of the bridge are rare in China. Stone carving art boutique. For example, the carvings of the Hanbaiyu Stone Bridge in front of the Forbidden City built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the jade belt stone bridge in the Yihe Garden in the Qing Dynasty, the carvings of the 17-hole Dashi Bridge, and the stone carvings of the Lugou Bridge are some of the art treasures of building bridges. Stone bridge stone carvings are mainly made up of dragons, lions, water-absorbing beasts and Lux ​​styles. They are commonly found in bridge piers and bridges. Stones made from selected materials include sandstone, marble and granite. Seven, stone plaque and stone carving The construction of stone plaques and stone carvings is long and extensive, and many of them are precious cultural relics. For example, there are many baboons in the Han Dynasty, such as Taishi, Shaofang, Qimu, Fenghuan, Gaochun, Fanmin, Shenfujun, and Pingyangfujun. The stone carvings are exquisite and rich in content. The number of stone arches is larger and more widely distributed, and the art of stone carving decoration is everywhere in the country. They can be broadly divided into palace square, Guandifang, Siguanfang, Gongdefang, Lingyuanfang, garden workshop, Qijiefang, Zhongxiaofang and various memorials. The stone materials are mainly sandstone and marble, and some of them are stone carvings. Art treasures and famous ancient buildings, such as the Ming Dynasty Xuguo Shifang and the "Jingshi Xuanyue" archway, the Confucius and Confucius Temple stone archway, the Jianwei archway, etc., are numerous. For example, the stone carvings of the Tomb of the Eastern Mausoleum of Ma Lanzhen in Zunhua County, Hebei Province. Eight, tower building stone carving There are many stone towers built in China in the past, among which stone carving art decoration is common, and the stone carving content in the tower in the temple view is related to various religious cultures. For example, the Dali Three Pagodas from the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Yunju Temple Tower and the Stone Scriptures from the Tang Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, and the Sangwen Buddhist Pagodas in the Song Dynasty are not listed one by one. Nine, stone inscriptions, stone carvings, stone carvings, occupy an important position in China's stone carving art, a long history, a large amount of face. The types of monuments include monuments, monuments, merits, temple monuments, temple monuments, and tombstones. Except for a very small number of non-word monuments, they are generally written monuments. Usually the monument of the monument is engraved with text, and some with engraved lettering. The monument, the cover and the carvings, the birds and beasts, the flowers and plants, the Ji-like objects, and the emperor’s tablet are also engraved with dragons and phoenixes. The stone used to make the monument is mostly marble, and sandstone and granite are also commonly used. Some individuals in the stone monument are huge, and some become group forests. The stone book is written on behalf of the stone, and it is written by handwriting. There are many famous stone carvings and stone carvings. For example, "Xi'an Beilin" includes more than 3,000 historical monuments from Han to Qing. It is the largest stone book collection in the country. Together with the Kaifeng "Hanlin Beilin" being built, it can be said to be a monument. The ocean, the collection of the famous calligraphers of the dynasties, the line, the grass, the sui, the Li, the Wei body calligraphy. Such as Henan Tangshan Shuyang Academy Tang Dynasty inscriptions. From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the stone tablets of the Confucian classics are the series of stone carvings, such as the Han Dynasty "Siping Stone Early Classics" to the Qing Dynasty "Qianlong Thirteen Stone Tablets" and the 1427 stone carving Buddhist scriptures of Beijing Fangshan Shijingshan, Tibet The "Tibetan Scriptures", Shandong Taishan Natural Granite Stone Carvings and the Calligraphy Stone Carvings are all huge "stone books".æ™å®å The monuments, æ™é¾™é¢œç¢‘, Yaowangshan stone carvings, Xixiabei and Confucius Temple monuments are all important cultural relics of the country. The Monument to the People's Heroes The white marble relief stone carving is a masterpiece of the grand and magnificent modern stone inscription art. It is the first largest and most beautiful granite monument in China. In addition to large sculptures such as stone tablets and mountain cliffs, there are also other stone book stone carvings, such as the lair in the tombs of the emperors and the modern finely carved small stone books, such as the excavation of more than 100 pieces of white marble in the tomb of the Tang Dynasty. Chengdu's "Thirty-six Meters" stone book carved by the slate is a total of 26 pages and 1278 words. It is bound into a book with a perforation line. Each page is 2.2.6mm thick and can be used for reading. Ten, Shishi stone carving In the Chinese stone beast carving, the stone lion carving has a unique style, and the production volume is countless. The decoration is widely used, such as the palace, the house, the official residence, the temple-the tomb and the modern large-scale commercial buildings, the stone lion carvings and bridges on both sides of the hotel and restaurant doors. Stone lion decorative carvings in the square. Shishi's posture changes vary, such as standing, squatting, lying, etc., in various poses, and often have regional differences. The carved stone lions are widely used, and are often carved with sandstone, marble and granite. Among them, the white marble lions in front of Tiananmen Square in Beijing and the “Shishi Group†on the Lugou Bridge are very famous. Other stone lions such as Chengdu Wuhou Temple, Wenshu Monastery, Baoguang Temple and other temples on both sides of the gate, the stone lion in front of the Haikou Hairui tomb, the stone lion in Suzhou North Temple, and the stone lion in front of the Confucius Temple have fine carving techniques and different styles. The stone carvings in the two counties of Fuping and Zhaode in Shaanxi are famous for their long history. They have the legacy of Han and Wei, especially the shape of the stone lions of Shantou. They are known as the “Lion Forest Wondersâ€. Eleven, stone painting and life craft supplies stone carving Stone paintings and life art supplies are many types of stone carvings, such as stone cliff paintings, natural stone paintings, inlaid stone murals and stone screens; stone carvings; Duan, Lu, Weihe, Songhua, Tiantan (or Pangu) and Helan Such as stone carvings; paperweights, stationery stone carvings; tea sets, wine sets, tobacco tools, lamps and tables, chairs, stools, coffee tables and other daily necessities, such as stone carvings, etc., the number is large, the production is fine; the carvings and other unique styles become The wonders of Chinese stone culture: Inlaid stone murals are a new era of contemporary stone carving art. The colorful stone paintings on the first floor of the newly completed Central Television Tower are engraved with grandeur and amazing skills. Another example is the "Red Mansion Dream Story" produced by Yueqing County. The large-scale colored stone inlaid screen carvings and the Shanghai-inlaid "Feng Shenbang" color stone giant screen painting stone carvings are the rare masterpieces of China's arts and crafts stone carving. The latter has a screen height of 2.2m and a total length of 70m. It consists of 88 screens. The 271 personal shape and all the pictures are selected from more than 1000 kinds of colorful jade stone inlays produced in 14 provinces of China. Twelve, modern urban gardens and memorial stone carvings In order to beautify the city, improve the material and spiritual civilization of the people, and commemorate the martyrs and heroes, China has built some urban gardens and memorial stone carvings. Especially since 1978, urban sculptures, garden sculptures and memorial sculptures in large and medium-sized cities across the country have developed rapidly. Marble and granite sculptures are unprecedentedly popular, and some of them are rare. Treasure stone carving. For example, the white marble relief of the "People's Heroes Monument" in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, Chairman Mao Zedong's Chairman Mao Zedong and the white marble statue of the People's Republic of China, and Zhou Enlai's white marble statue of Tianjin Nankai University. Song Qingling's white jade statue, Zheng He's lower Western marble relief, "Yellow River Mother" granite carving, Sichuan Deyang stone carving art wall promenade, Guangzhou "Five Sheep" white marble stone carving and Guangzhou Liberation Memorial granite carving, Shanghai "Monkey Fishing Moon" stone carving , Beijing Fuxingmen Baiyi "Peace" statue, Zhejiang Zhoushan Putuoshan marble "Nine Dragon Wall" giant stone carving, Yunnan Shimonoseki white jade "Bai girl" statue, Sichuan Chengdu 12 Bridge Martyrs commemorating the red granite stone carving, the Red Army Long March The Dadu River Memorial Site, the red granite stone carvings and the Red Army Long March large-scale monument, the red granite stone carvings, are innumerable. The above-mentioned various types of stone carving art often include two or more kinds in a large building. For example, temple stone carvings often include various stone carvings such as monuments, squares, towers, lions, etc., which complement each other and form a set. The complete stone carving group art has a high comprehensive value of culture and art.
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