1 Introduction to the U.S. Electricity Market 2 Analysis and Comparison Lessons Learned and Established by the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission The Electricity Markets Independent System Operators (ISO) has 5 in total: California ISO, PJM ISO, New England ISO, New York State ISO and Midwest ISO In addition, the Texas Electric Reliability Commission (ERCOT) approved the establishment of a Texas ISO author recently recently visited four of the ISOs that have been operated and now lists the basic conditions of the four US electricity markets in the eastern United States. While the electricity market is operating steadily and continues to achieve results, California, the first country in the United States to carry out the electricity market on the West Coast, has experienced a serious power crisis. During the visit of the author in California in February 2001, California was still implementing the restrictions of regional rotation. The electricity measures have formed a very strong contrast between the two sides of the strait. We will now analyze and contrast the eastern and western power markets as follows. Table 1 Comparison of the basic conditions of the four electricity markets in the United States Table1 The basic informationoutour project New England, New York, California, California Time of operation coverage Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia (partial), and Washington, DC, Maine , Monterey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut, etc. New York State California installed capacity/MW most business load/MW wholesale market wholesale real-time market ancillary services daily capacity credit market, regulation market, fixed transmission rights market Running Capacity and Installed Capacity Spare 10min Rotation Reserve, 10min Spare, 30min Spare Reserve, Running Capacity and Installed Capacity Spare 10min Spare, 60min Alternative Spare Market 24 24 Period, PX Run Futures Contact Long-Term Capacity Credit Market Contract Contract for 50 The original price of electricity was not allowed. The price of the node's marginal electricity price (LMP) is currently the unified electricity price. It will be changed to the node marginal electricity price (LMP) node. Marginal electricity price (LMP) settlement method Real-time and two-day separate settlement The current real-time price shall prevail. Billing will be changed to two-step settlement based on real-time price One-step settlement of the retail market for all Pennsylvania alone, but for P (E, SCE frozen retail price, only SDGE open ISO and PX combined with PX 21 regional environment and energy structure North American region rich in hydropower resources, and Canada's Ontario hydropower The connection of bases, coupled with the relatively slow speed of the load, has basically balanced power supply and demand. Since the 1990s, the entire western United States has enjoyed rapid economic development. Especially in the California region, driven by the electronics industry in Silicon Valley, the power load is fast but based on the environment. In consideration of protection and public safety, California citizens strongly resist the construction of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, impose heavy fines on exhaust emissions, and make new power generating capacity small. In the past 10 years, no large-scale power plants have been built, no transmission lines have been expanded, and therefore power supplies The construction of transmission networks is far behind the demand for electricity. Long California had nearly 20% of its hydropower. Because of the drought in the west, most of the electricity is mainly dependent on natural gas power plants with the advantages of low pollution, but the prices are higher, especially In 2000, global oil prices skyrocketed and California's natural gas prices It increased 12 times to 30 times, causing California's power generation companies to rapidly increase their power generation costs. Some power generation companies use stored natural gas not for power generation, and sell it directly in the market to generate huge profits, which further reduces the capacity for power generation. The shortage of rising and generating capacity is the main reason for the soaring electricity price in California's wholesale electricity market. 22 The foundation of market construction PJM, New England, and New York State ISO are established on the basis of the original tightly-coupled Power Pool organization, PowerPool. Has been running for many years, has good coordination and cooperation with the power companies and power generation companies, can be more smoothly into ISO and California ISO is in the former California three major power companies - Pacific Gas and Power Company (PGE) SCE's San Diego Gas & Power Company (SDGE) was established separately and lacks the experience of collaborative operation. The market operation rules formulated by them have many restrictions and mutual coordination components, and are inevitable in emergencies. Recriminating each other, and now still arguing who is responsible for this power crisis 23 trading institutions and operating machines Coordination California Power Exchange (PX) is responsible for the next hour the electricity market and electricity market times, ISO is responsible for real-time electricity market and ancillary services, dozens program coordinator (SC) is responsible for bilateral trade. It is difficult for such operations agencies to achieve effective coordination and operation. Many experts and scholars have criticized that the PJM New England and New York State electricity markets built after the “failure†have absorbed California’s lessons and adopted the combination of ISO and PX. Being ISO-embedded PX New York State ISO is responsible for the next day's electricity market as well as the real-time electricity market. PJM and New England started with the establishment of real-time electricity markets. PJM has now opened the next day market. Texas State ISO is the only non-PX ISO California PX. The next day market was closed on January 30, 2001. The next hour market was also closed on January 31, 2001. The corresponding function will be transferred to continue. 2.4 The electricity price system is incomplete The retail markets in these 4 places are incomplete. PJM has only opened the retail market in Pennsylvania. New England and New York have not yet opened the retail market. Although there is a retail market in California, at the beginning of the market reform in California, Everyone is optimistic about the situation after the power reform and believes that the introduction of competition in the open generation market will result in a reduction in the cost of electricity generation and a sharp drop in electricity prices. Therefore, in order to obtain the approval of the state legislature, the California Public Utilities Commission has ensured that the price of electricity after the market operation is reduced by 10 %, ie frozen at 12 cents/(kW.h) until March 2002. Power companies think that they can purchase electricity at a lower price from the competition in the power generation market, and then sell it to end-users at a frozen price, so they can obtain higher profits. However, contrary to the wishes, after California launched the electricity market, the wholesale power price on the power generation side rose all the way, and for the users, it was still the same frozen price as before the market reform. The electricity price lost the leverage to regulate supply and demand, and the user's electricity elasticity completely lost the San Diego Group. The gas supply and power company (SDGE) has little power supply capacity. After arduous efforts, it was allowed to thaw in the summer of 2000, and the linkage between retail price and wholesale price was implemented. However, local residents were strongly dissatisfied and the retail electricity price was frozen, resulting in PGE and SCE. The US$12 billion loss went bankrupt. After the power crisis in the summer of 2000, its cumulative effect triggered the winter power crisis again. The California government had to spend 10 billion U.S. dollars for emergency until the beginning of January 2001, when the California Public Utilities Commission forced each The pressure on price adjustments was: residents' electricity price increased by 9%, SME electricity price increased by 50%, and large-scale enterprise electricity prices increased by 15% for a period of 3 months. At the same time, the wholesale market price ceiling is lowered from US$750/(MW.h) to US$250/(MW.h). It can be seen that the electricity price system in its retail market and wholesale market has yet to be improved. 2.5 Long-term contracts PJM New England New York State power market places great emphasis on the role of long-term contract price stabilization, which may be a natural continuation of the original PowerPool and members of the long-term contract New York State long-term contract power accounted for 50 *, the next day market accounted for 40% to 50%, real-time market only Accounted for less than 5%. This proportion is very important for ensuring the stable operation of the power system. PJM has created a unique long-term capacity credit market and a daily capacity credit market. New England and New York also have spare capacity for operating capacity and reserve capacity for installed capacity, and California is the opposite. The rules prohibit power companies from signing long-term contracts with power generation companies. In times of power shortage, power companies have to give up most of their electricity to the 10 mil real-time market in order to pursue high profits and even abandon bids on the next day and the next hour. Caused severe market volatility, wholesale electricity prices rose sharply. This was considered by many experts to be abusing market power until the summer of 2000, when the California Electricity Regulatory Authority cancelled the ISO*SC or CAPX, but its long-term trading market would still be subject to MsK. Signing long-term restrictions requires power supply companies to sign long-term contracts with power generation companies as soon as possible. However, due to the high electricity prices in the wholesale power market at that time, power supply companies were worried that signing long-term contracts with power generation companies at this time would inevitably increase the contract prices by reference to spot market prices. According to past load forecasting, the winter load will Drop, it is desirable spot market prices declined after long-term contracts. However, by the winter of 2000, due to the severe weather and long loads, the power supply companies have not signed enough long-term contracts to guarantee the power supply until November 2000, when the intervention of the Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) required market participants to In the next day, 95% of transactions will be completed in the market and futures market. If the gap is greater than 5%, it will be fined 26 long-term planning market operators. In 1997, FERC approved PJM's responsibility for the development planning of the regional transmission network. In June 1999, FERC approved PJM's responsibility for regional power supply planning. PJM created a model for analyzing regional power supply requirements, formulated a procedure for evaluating power supply development proposals, and defined the A power request queue reduced the original 78 projects to 47, a total capacity of 21 GW, and established a forum so that interested parties could follow up on the project. In sharp contrast, the state of California developed from brewing. During the nearly 10 years since the electricity market to date, no organization or organization has been responsible for the long-term planning of the power grid and power supply. It is naive to think that the electricity market itself will give economic signals, and the automatic guidance of investment to develop the power grid and power supply proves that when the market shows that In the absence of electricity, the economic signal was indeed given, but it was too late. It was too late to start construction of the power grid and power supply. And there are many uncertainties in California's electricity market that discourage investors from rushing in. This is the underlying cause of power shortages in California. Therefore, FERC’s responsibility in the 2000 Decree to extend the development of regional RTOs is justified. 27 Re-regulation after deregulation The U.S. electricity market is divided into two universities. The West Coast School tends to compete completely. The design of California's electricity market reflects the idea of ​​more competition. The East Coast School advocates proper regulation and the eastern three electricity markets also show performance. Rationally Controlled Characteristics The crisis in California's electricity market shows that proper government regulation and control are necessary. In order to ease the crisis, the California government made an emergency investment of 400 million U.S. dollars for purchasing electricity within 2 weeks, entrusted state-owned companies, the California Water Resource Bureau (CDWR), to buy electricity on behalf of the government, and raised 10 billion U.S. dollars for the maintenance of the terminal for 5 months. The user's power supply, in order to be able to solve the crisis during this period, the government management department has also carried out a series of policy adjustments: such as allowing the retail electricity price to increase 7* to 15%; allow the signing of long-term contracts; mandatory power companies must sell power to California; close the PX The prohibition of power companies from continuing to sell power plants, etc. If there is no government intervention, PGE and SCE will be subject to large-scale social unrest, resulting in disastrous consequences. Therefore, proper deregulation will still be required after deregulation. 2.8 Regional transmission organization (RTO) is imperative California's energy crisis shows that the separate ISO regulatory capacity is too weak to deal with the crisis. The FERC 2000 Act stipulates that the RTO is a further development of ISO. The goal is that all U.S. transmission infrastructure owners, both public and non-public entities, should place their transmission facilities under the proper control of the appropriate RTO to improve transmission. Network management efficiency, improve network reliability, eliminate hidden transmission service hidden dangers, and improve power market performance RTO has four basic characteristics: 1 independence; 2 scope of activities and regional structure; 3 permission to operate; 4 short-term reliability for this purpose, The RTO also has 8 basic functions: 1Rate management and design; 2Congestion processing; 3Parallel path current circulation) management; 4Auxiliary services; 5Open access instant messaging system (OASIS) Total transmission capacity (TTC) Available transmission capacity ( ATC); 6 Market surveillance; 7 Planning and expansion; 8 Inter-regional coordination At present, it has been recognized by all parties, as the federal decree has come into force, and the remaining problem is how to implement it. PJMISO self-examines 4 features and 8 functions of RTO, and believes that it fully satisfies the RTO conditions. It has submitted an application report to RTC as an RTO. It may become the first batch of RTOPJMISO in the United States, New York State, ISO New England ISO, Canada, Ontario, IMO. (An independent market operating agency) recently signed a memorandum of understanding to seek cross-regional cooperation and coordination in planning, operation, and market competition. This reflects the possibility of RTO's development in a larger region. 3 Suggestions a After the failure of California's electricity market, the PJM market model has become a model for the United States. Some experts believe that the California electricity market has created a lot of experience, but its biggest failure is to completely separate the ISO and PX, and the California PX has also been closed on January 31, 2001. Therefore, most power markets in the United States, such as New York State, New England, and PJM, have adopted the combination of ISO and PX, or ISO-embedded PX. Currently, PJM is very interested in the development of its power market design, operation rules, and operation system development. Experience in various aspects such as construction, willingness to provide consulting, technical services, or product development, etc. Perhaps the national power company can establish a cooperative relationship with it b. Marketization reform is irreversible, and the construction of the electricity market and the design of market rules must consider various possibilities. In the case of electricity markets established when electricity supply exceeds demand, California is often a typical example of the lack of electricity. The current situation in China is similar to that of California. Therefore, the electricity market should adapt to both the abundance of electricity and the lack of electricity. How does bankruptcy protect users? Who knows how to steal power? The only way to generate electricity is to use the market price, while the price of electricity on the electricity side will be profitable for power supply companies when there is no shortage of electricity, but it will be fatal when electricity is lost. The danger is that the lessons of California are the most painful. It is recommended that the power generation-side electricity price and the user-side electricity price be linked within a relatively long period of time. For example, first use the first quarter as the price adjustment period for electricity sales. If the accumulated electricity price drops in the first quarter, reduce the user electricity price accordingly. If the electricity price rises, increase the user electricity price accordingly. In the future, monthly, weekly, and daily prices can be adopted gradually as the period for adjusting the price of electricity for sale. d. The United States does not have a uniform power grid management organization. All reforms must be negotiated among various power companies. It is very difficult for American counterparts to envy China, including China. Countries with unified grid management institutions, such as Asia and Europe, can review the overall situation in the reforms and avoid many unnecessary mistakes. Currently, the grid of China’s national interconnection is still being gradually built, and a large number of electricity exchanges are still concentrated in the large regions. Between provinces, the country is mainly responsible for trans-regional electricity trading, to achieve the West-East electricity transmission and the optimization of the use of resources throughout the country. The main target is to fully utilize the large-scale hydropower resources of the Three Gorges, Ertan, Tianshengqiao and other provinces and regions. The national three-tier electricity market model, and appropriately strengthening the construction of large-scale power grids and regional markets, can draw on the strategy of the US RTO. e The electric power industry is related to national economy and people's livelihood and affects social stability. When the power supply shifts from a traditional regulatory model to a free competition model, a gradual approach should be adopted. The power market should follow both the inherent scientific laws of the power system and the objective laws of the market economy. Especially in the management system, the dispatch, operation, and management departments of the power grid cannot be disconnected from the market transaction department, so that when the system operation is constrained and restricted, measures can be taken in time to reduce the impact on the system's safe operation. Xin Yaozhong, male, deputy Chief engineer, professor-level senior engineer, and young expert with outstanding contributions from the country. The main research area is dispatch automation market. Data communication and so on. Han Fang, female, Ph.D., deputy director, senior engineer, major research area for the electricity market. Li Yisong, male, deputy director, senior engineer, major research areas for scheduling automation and scheduling production management system. The trend of the development of special equipment for electrical equipment in China in recent years The electrical equipment manufacturing industry in China is a developing industry, especially in terms of variety, technical level, and quality to be further developed and improved. With regard to the development trend of China's electrical equipment in the near future, relevant industry experts have the following analysis: 1 Recent generation equipment such as conventional combustion generators, with single capacity of 300MW, 600MW of subcritical units, gradually adopting 600MW of supercritical units With the development of power grids to ultra-high pressure, large capacity, and long distance, power transmission equipment manufacturing industry should develop 750kV and 1200kV voltage grade cable equipment, 800mm diameter vacuum extrusion cement and mud electromechanical porcelain equipment, etc. The equipment should be developed in accordance with the requirements for the improvement of the quality of electrical products. For example, the micro-motor products are to develop high-performance, light-slim, and short-circuit electromechanical development production technologies to intensive and flexible automation. 3Electrical special equipment should be developed in accordance with the technical transformation requirements of electric companies. Welcome to welcome. Welcome to the manuscript. Welcome to the advertisement. Welcome to the “Power system automation†website http. Dongguan Best Instrument Technology Co., Ltd , https://www.best-tester.com