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The core of entrepreneurship: innovation, adventure
I have been researching entrepreneurs for more than 30 years. The first article on entrepreneurs was published in the September 1984 issue of Reading, and it has been 32 years now. But I really don't dare to define entrepreneurship. This may be because of the essence of entrepreneurship, that is, entrepreneurship is not something that ordinary people can perish.
I originally summed up the spirits of entrepreneurs. For example, he can see opportunities that others can’t see, can think of ways that others have not thought of, do things that others can’t do, and solve problems that others have not solved. A spiritual person, then we can be called an entrepreneur. Just talking about innovative adventures can actually be understood from this perspective. What you do not dare to do, means that your failure rate is very high. Most of us should say that we are following the rules and are used to doing things according to the established guidelines.
There are some people who don't like to follow the rules. He likes to be different, and this spirit is mainly in business today, because the entrepreneurs we talk about are business entrepreneurs. Of course, we now see entrepreneurial traits such as political entrepreneurs, institutional entrepreneurs, and social entrepreneurs in other fields. Even if we really do a university, we need entrepreneurial spirit, such as Cai Yuanpei.
In fact, each of us has a little entrepreneurial spirit, because we always face some unforeseen problems to solve. Of course, not everyone can be an entrepreneur, just like everyone can sing, but not everyone can become a singer, so entrepreneurs are still a special group, and his proportion in humans is relatively small. This is the first point I want to talk about.
The future social progress still depends on the imagination of entrepreneurs.
Secondly, the development of human beings from ancient times to today can be understood as the expression and exertion of entrepreneurship. 100,000 years ago, our modern ancestors went out of Africa to a completely strange world, and then moved to Asia, the Americas, and Europe. This requires entrepreneurship, so it is not difficult for us to understand that Chinese people are also very entrepreneurs overseas. spirit. Because of the universality of this spirit, we have seen many famous entrepreneurs in reality.
The entrepreneurial spirit in our long river of people is suppressed. In China, one of the main ways we suppress entrepreneurship is the imperial examination system. We attract the most entrepreneurial people to the government in the form of education and imperial examinations, serve the emperor, and follow the rules. This is a huge human resource. Waste. Of course, we still have some entrepreneurs in the society. These entrepreneurs generally have a relatively low status. China is the earliest and longest industrial policy in the history of mankind. The emphasis on agriculture and trade is the industrial policy of the time. Therefore, the position of merchants in history is not high. Even if he may be rich, he still has to buy land and buy officials after he is rich. Only can improve social status.
Only in modern times, about two or three hundred years ago, the West began to make entrepreneurship come into play. After China’s reform and opening up more than 30 years ago, entrepreneurship was truly realized. Therefore, I said that China’s reform and opening up is the rise of entrepreneurship. This history can be clearly explained by the stories of many entrepreneurs.
So what will the future entrepreneurship look like? Joseph Schumpeter once said that future innovations will become procedural, bureaucratic, and become a bureaucratic company. But I think this is unlikely. In the West, we see that the most innovative sectors are private, not big companies. I believe that the future is also the case. When any thing can be solved in a programmatic way such as big data, it is not the responsibility of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur's responsibility is not to solve the problem in a programmatic way. Entrepreneurs have a judgment on the future. This is not in the data. It depends on our brains.
Once the entrepreneurial spirit is no longer functioning, human progress will stop, and we will enter the circular economy year after year, day after day. I don't believe that the future of mankind is like that. I believe that in the future, human beings still have to rely on entrepreneurship to promote progress. I especially emphasize that traditional entrepreneurs are arbitrage entrepreneurs, modern entrepreneurs are more innovative entrepreneurs, and all the new products we need are created by entrepreneurs. Creation also enriches imagination, so the imagination of entrepreneurs is very important.
Real entrepreneurs will use human nature to make money, but not use human weakness to make money.
Thirdly, some people like to use the wolf culture to interpret the entrepreneurial spirit. I think it is easy to produce some misunderstandings. I value the entrepreneurs to make money. The traditional saying is that a gentleman loves money and has a proper way. This "dao" is to create value for others. If you can't solve other people's problems and can't create value for others, then the money you earn is not the money that entrepreneurs should make. I think this is a problem in the market. If you want to make money yourself, you must first bring benefits to others. It is impossible to become a real entrepreneur by fraud, and it is impossible to continue to make money.
In a real market economy, if there is no privilege granted by the government, no fraud, what is it that a person becomes rich? It must be that he created more value than he charged, and the extra part was the consumer surplus.
To make money, entrepreneurs must have a very thorough understanding of human nature. The understanding of human nature is much more important than your market research. For a typical example, Jobs does not conduct market research, but many people buy it when he comes out because he knows what humans like most and best meets humanity. needs. At the same time, human nature also has many weaknesses. Real entrepreneurs should not use the weakness of human nature to make money. Get a comb to sell to a monk, you may be successful to sell, but this makes use of human weakness to make money. In addition, it is immoral for entrepreneurs to use the privileges created by the government to make money. He is only plundering the wealth of others.
Many economic theories ignore the importance of entrepreneurs
Fourth, whether we are in China or in the past 100 years or even a long time ago, the debate on many economic and social systems involves the essence of how to look at entrepreneurs and whether they can understand entrepreneurs.
Typically, I think the planned economy does not understand entrepreneurs. Although Marx emphasized the importance of the bourgeoisie, it did not really understand the entrepreneurial spirit we spoke. Western mainstream economists also do not understand entrepreneurship, and mainstream economic theory excludes entrepreneurship. For example, in mainstream economics theory, human preferences are technically specified, and all are technical problems. Just enter the data, press the button, or even judge.
Until now, this sequela still exists. We think investment is important, but we never want to invest? We feel that private investment is the same as government investment, but since private investment can bring economic growth, why can't the government bring economic growth? We believe that technological advancement is important, but we have not thought about who can bring technological progress? As long as the government has invested in funds and has financial support, can we have technological progress?
All of the above reflect that we ignore entrepreneurs. I must be honest as an economist. Economists are responsible. I think that entrepreneurs are different from other elements, elements are replaceable, and entrepreneurs are irreplaceable by other elements.
Entrepreneurs are not formalized and data-oriented. There is no way for entrepreneurs to use their data to describe their behavior. If their behavior is predictable, they are not entrepreneurs. But because our economics is to pursue formal perfection, the market we understand is not a real market, but a market constructed in our minds. I think this is very important. If an entrepreneur can't restore his position in economic theory, or if our economists can't really understand how the market works, and why we don't know why entrepreneurs are so important, then we will Without understanding the market economy, we will come to many wrong conclusions.
Excessive government dominance of resources will suppress production entrepreneurs
Finally, we must emphasize that there are actually two types of entrepreneurs in reality. One is a production entrepreneur and the other is a non-production entrepreneur. Production-oriented entrepreneurs create wealth, non-productive entrepreneurs do not create wealth, or even destroy wealth, so how can make real production entrepreneurs flourish, and let non-productive entrepreneurs have no use, Without living space, it becomes very important.
To do this, we must have good institutional reforms. In many cases, the government has too much control over resources. Many entrepreneurs have become non-productive entrepreneurs. He does not make money because he produces what consumers like. It is not to solve the problems that our society needs to solve, but to use the power of the government.
Therefore, we must effectively control the behavior of the government and minimize the resources controlled by the government. This kind of entrepreneurship is the true entrepreneurial spirit, which can bring benefits to our people and benefits to our society. At that time, many problems we worried about, including moral nihilism, will be less than now. Much more. (Article source: public number 丨 opinion leader)
Zhang Weiying: Real entrepreneurs don’t sell combs to monks
Abstract Entrepreneurs must have a very thorough understanding of human nature in order to make money. Jobs doesn't do market research, but many people buy it when his product comes out. Real entrepreneurs should not use the weakness of human nature to make money. Get a comb to sell to the monk, you may sell it successfully, but...
To make money, entrepreneurs must have a very thorough understanding of human nature. Jobs doesn't do market research, but many people buy it when his product comes out. Real entrepreneurs should not use the weakness of human nature to make money. Get a comb to sell to a monk, you may be successful to sell, but this makes use of human weakness to make money.