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Two major stages, two policies, two effects Machine tools are an indispensable production tool for modern industrial production, and at the same time a complex application technology. In the design, manufacture, processing and practical use of machine tools, it includes various basic theories (stiffness, thermal deformation, vibration, precision, etc.) and a large number of application technologies (layout, transmission, control, etc.), which is human scientific knowledge. Crystallization of integration with actual production experience.
The development of the machine tool industry has its own characteristics and objective laws. Looking back on the 60 years of development of China's machine tool industry, it can be said that it is full of twists and turns. The development of China's machine tool industry can be divided into two major stages: the first stage is the first 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic (1949-1979); the second stage is the 30 years of reform and opening up (1980-2009). Different stages of development have different guiding ideology and policy orientation, and they also produce different effects.
In the first phase, the new China was initially built, and it was a waste of time. It was blocked by the outside world, the technology was backward, the talents were lacking, and the conditions were very poor. But the government leaders at that time were clear-headed, modest and cautious, and had far-sightedness. With the help of a large number of experts sent by the Soviet government, we used the Soviet design drawings to gradually produce some manual type ordinary machine tools, which are urgently needed for supply. Under the guiding ideology of building a strong and complete machine tool industry system, China has successively built a large number of key enterprises of machine tools (known as “18 Arhatsâ€), and gradually established 7 comprehensive machine tool research institutes and 37 professional machine tools. The institute conducts research and development of machine tool technology and guides enterprises to produce advanced machine tool products. In the short eight years from 1950 to 1957, due to the correct guiding ideology and solid work, it laid a good foundation for the overall layout, production and management of China's machine tool industry. It was in the 30 years before the founding of the People's Republic and even in the whole 60 years. The best golden age.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic, the party and the state had a clear understanding of the importance of scientific and technological talents, and sent a large number of technicians and managers (including skilled workers) to the Soviet Union to study. After they returned to China, they became the backbone of their respective jobs and made important contributions to the development of the new Chinese machine tool industry.
However, in 1958-1960, there was a "three-year leap forward" that exaggerated the wind and violated the laws of scientific development. Later, during the “Decade of Cultural Revolution†in 1966-1976, the guiding ideology of China's machine tool industry was chaotic, production management was out of order, and the vitality was severely damaged and the losses were severe.
In the second stage, the party and the country learned the painful lessons of the "Great Leap Forward" and "Ten Years of Unrest" and adopted the "reform and opening" national policy. China's machine tool industry has gradually embarked on the road of rapid development and scientific development. In the past, the development of CNC machine tools in China has also been on the rise. However, due to the weak underlying technologies such as microelectronics and computer technology, the quality of various components such as machine, electricity, liquid and gas is not reliable and cannot be used. In actual production, the final slogan. So few times. After the reform and opening up, China has introduced advanced CNC systems from Japan, Germany, and the United States, as well as various types of CNC machine tools and machining centers (MC) to carry out cooperative production, while copying, learning, creating, and using, and gradually mastering CNC machine tools. Some technical characteristics and development laws. Through digestion and absorption and independent innovation, the development of CNC machine tools in China is getting faster and faster, the application is wider and wider, and the market share is getting higher and higher.
In the 30 years of reform and opening up, due to political stability, economic development, and strong market demand, China's machine tool industry has entered a period of rapid development. From 2001 to 2008, the output of metal cutting machine tools in China increased from 192,000 to 617,000 units, an increase of 3.2 times; the output of CNC machine tools increased from 17,000 units to 122,000 units, an increase of 6.9 times; the output of machining centers was from 447 units. It has increased to more than 8,000 units, an increase of 18 times. At the world's four major international machine tool exhibitions (especially at CIMT), the status of Chinese machine tools is increasing, and new products are dazzling, becoming a force to be reckoned with in the world's machine tool industry.
Looking back at history, it can be clearly seen that the two major stages, two policies, have two effects.
The main experience and lessons of the development of the machine tool industry in the first 30 years 1 Main experience (1) Respect the law, attach importance to talents, lay a good foundation in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, leaders at all levels respect the objective laws of scientific and technological development in guiding ideology, they have a broad vision and attach great importance to them. The importance and strategic position of the machine tool industry is devoted to human, material and financial resources, humbly learning the advanced experience of the Soviet Union, attaching importance to the role of experts and talents, and striving to lay the foundation for economic construction. Under the guidance and help of Soviet experts, 156 major projects were built nationwide, and the project was successful. It has laid a solid foundation for the future development of China's aerospace, military, automobile and machinery industries. In the machine tool industry, the “18 Arhats†backbone enterprise and seven integrated machine tool research institutes established successively have played a strong backbone and core role for a long period of time. In particular, some key research institutes have gathered a large number of high-level technical talents, and have developed key technologies and new products that are urgently needed in the country, as well as later “high-precision machine tool campaigns†and “Second Steam Equipment Campaignsâ€. The four functions of "the staff, the attack, the organization, and the service" have made great contributions to the development of the Chinese machine tool industry.
(2) Emphasis on scientific research, professional support, and capture of key technologies Scientific research is a necessary means to develop science and technology, and it is a "tool" that combines theory with practice. Without scientific research, it is impossible to innovate. Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, based on the experience of the Soviet Union and the objective laws of the development of machine tool technology, the state gradually brought together various talents, added various advanced testing equipment and instruments, and established seven integrated machine tool research institutes and 37 specialized research institutes. And develop key technologies for various machine tools. This is indeed a wise move. For example, Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute was equipped with research institutes such as precision machine tools, high-efficiency automatic machine tools, electric machine tools, basic theory, processing technology, foundry materials, standards, and intelligence. The scientific research personnel and test equipment were fully equipped. Through systematic and joint research with national machine tool enterprises and user companies, in-depth and systematic experiments have overcome many key technologies, such as the advanced ultra-precision machine tools currently produced by Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute, which is based on a solid technical foundation in the past. And continuous research and development based.
(3) Organizing special technical research, serving the national key construction services The “High-precision Machine Tool Campaign†from 1960 to 1965 and the “Second Steam Equipment Campaign†from 1966 to 1972 are successful examples in this regard. In the early 1960s, the defense industry and the precision machinery industry urgently needed 13 kinds of high-precision machine tools (such as coordinate boring machines, coordinate grinding machines, gear grinding machines, etc.). At that time, Western countries imposed a technical blockade on China, which could only be developed by itself. The central government attaches great importance to this and has established a six-person leading group, which is organized and implemented by the First Department and the Second Bureau. At that time, it was proposed to focus on seven aspects: 1 strategic contempt, tactical attention; 2 mastering key components and complete sets of processes; 3 prioritizing the development of basic products, and then developing variant products; 4 production plants set up technical leadership teams, check at various levels; 5 Solve technical support problems; 6 Pay attention to the cultivation of design strength, design world-class products; 7 Practically solve major supporting parts (such as bearings, motors, optical products, etc.). Thanks to its well-leading, well-planned and effective measures, by 1965, it successfully developed 7 types of high-precision machine tools of 24 varieties, with an annual production capacity of 500 units, which is technically close to the world's advanced level (the Japanese magazine at the time praised it). The high-precision grinding machine produced by Shanghai Machine Tool Plant is advanced in level, which is an urgent need for the country. The "battle" has played a significant role in improving the technical and precision level of China's machine tool industry.
The "Second Steam Equipment Campaign" was organized and implemented during the Cultural Revolution to prepare for and develop the automobile industry and provide production equipment for the newly established second automobile manufacturing plant. The main purpose is to carry out technical research on high-efficiency automatic machine tools and automatic lines. By drawing on the experience of 308 automatic line construction, a joint working group consisting of machine tool factories, users, research institutes and schools will work closely together to conduct research and development and field trials to overcome a large number of key technologies. In just 4 years or so, it provided 46 kinds of 7664 high-efficiency automatic machine tools, 35 automatic machine tools and 6 automatic parts processing lines for the second steam, which made the self-sufficiency rate of the second-hand equipment varieties reach 95%. However, because the "battle" was carried out during the Cultural Revolution, there were many problems with the quality of equipment.
2 Main Lessons (1) Blind pursuit of quantity, neglect of quality, and serious waste Beginning in 1958, “Three-Year Great Leap Forwardâ€, all parts of the world competed in the development of machine tools. In 1958, the machine tool production was twice that of 1957; in 1960, the machine tool production was five times that of 1957. Due to the blind pursuit of quantity, shoddy work, neglect of quality, most of the machine tools can not be used normally. During the “Decade of Unrest†from 1966 to 1976, this situation was more serious and lasted longer. The results of the 1976 spot check showed that the pass rate of the 1.64 million machine tools produced during the Cultural Revolution was only 60%.
(2) Heavy production, light scientific research; heavy mainframe, light fittings; heavy base type, light variants Due to the unclear understanding of the machine tool industry's own characteristics and objective laws, in the first stage of its development, China's machine tool industry is generally "heavy" Production, light scientific research; heavy host, light accessories; heavy base, light variants, the wrong tendency. Due to heavy production and light scientific research, scientific research work is hot and cold, not deep and not systematic. Many key technologies of machine tools are not reliable, reliability is poor, users are not satisfied, and the reputation of Chinese machine tools is damaged. Due to heavy-duty machines and light fittings, the machine tool industry has long neglected the simultaneous development of tools, gauges and other accessories, resulting in many tools and accessories that are far from meeting the requirements of advanced mainframes in terms of technical level and quality. Due to the heavy base type and light variant, the “three-way†(standardization, generalization, serialization) work has been neglected for a long time. The machine tools are single, the structure is similar, the variants are few, and the characteristics are lacking. It is difficult to meet the diversified needs of users and the market competitiveness is poor. .
(3) Deviation from reality, blindly catching up, not paying attention to effectiveness During the “Great Leap Forward†and “Cultural Revolutionâ€, the tendency of the machine tool industry to break away from reality and blindly catch up with the world's advanced level is prominent. For example, the development of the "three ups and three downs" of CNC machine tools is very typical.
Main experience and lessons in the development of machine tool industry in the last 30 years 1 Main experience (1) Meeting production and sales, facing market and user needs In June 1979, Ningjiang Machine Tool Factory advertised in People’s Daily, “directly accepting domestic and foreign users. "Ordering" took the lead in breaking the practice of not meeting production and sales in the past planned economy. Chinese machine tool enterprises have only managed production from the past, regardless of the market, gradually facing the market and facing the needs of users. After 1980, the reform and development were further deepened, and the Chinese machine tool industry gradually embarked on the road of market economy, inspiring tremendous vitality and vitality.
(2) Research and analysis, learning advanced foreign experience; imitation of innovation, introduction of foreign advanced technology at the beginning of reform and opening up, the machine tool industry has strengthened the investigation, research and analysis of foreign machine tool industry, earnestly study foreign advanced experience, understand the world machine tool market Change the dynamics and use the “stone of other mountains†to promote the development of China's machine tool industry. In particular, the China Machine Tool Industry Association has held the China International Machine Tool Show (CIMT) since 1989, opening a window for foreign exchanges and has become one of the four famous international machine tool exhibitions.
After the opening of the country gate, in order to change the backwardness of China's machine tool industry as soon as possible, to catch up with the advanced level of foreign countries, the machine tool industry has introduced a large number of foreign advanced technologies, and through the cooperation with foreign countries to produce hundreds of various types of CNC machine tools, gradually grasp the key technologies of design, manufacture and use. On the basis of the whole system, from the imitation of the whole system to the combination of imitation and innovation, and then to independent innovation, the manufacturing level of various CNC machine tools and numerical control systems, functional components, tools, gauges, accessories, etc. has been rapidly improved, and fruitful results have been achieved, such as compounding. Machining CNC machine tools, five-axis linkage machining centers and many large, heavy-duty, high-precision machine tools are the result of a combination of imitation and creation.
(3) Combination of government guidance and market competition, combining state-owned enterprises with private enterprises In recent years, the government has attached great importance to the importance and strategic position of the machine tool industry, and further strengthened the guidance and support for the development of the machine tool industry. In June 2006, the State Council issued a number of opinions on accelerating the revitalization of equipment manufacturing industry. Subsequently, the National Development and Reform Commission formulated the "Special Plan for the Development of CNC Machine Tools", which requires that by 2010, the CNC system with independent copyright should account for 75% of the total; the self-sufficiency rate of functional components should reach 60% or more; The market share should reach 50% or more. The government's guidance and support combined with market competition has promoted and accelerated the development of China's machine tool industry.
In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's machine tool industry has gradually evolved from the “unification of the world†of state-owned enterprises to the “three-point world†pattern of state-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises. The introduction and improvement of market competition mechanism provides the healthy development of China's machine tool industry. A strong power.
2 Main Lessons (1) Unclear status quo of machine tools, unclear development ideas, lack of thorough overall planning and effective implementation measures The development history of China's machine tool industry for 60 years is not short. The United States once surpassed the United Kingdom in less than 60 years and was the world's machine tool leader; Germany overtook the United States in less than 60 years on machine tool technology; Japan took the overall strength of the machine tool industry and CNC in less than 60 years. Machine tool technology ranks among the world's three major machine tool powerhouses. The key to the success of these developed countries is to have a clear understanding of the development path of the entire machine tool industry and key machine tool technologies, and to formulate careful short-term and medium- and long-term development plans, and to take effective measures.
Under the conditions of market economy, China's machine tool market has undergone tremendous changes, and we lack comprehensive and accurate statistics and analysis on the basic conditions of China's machine tool ownership, composition ratio, technical level and actual demand. There is a lack of careful planning and practical implementation measures that combine the combination of short-term and long-term, the combination of overall development and key breakthroughs, and the combination of popularization and improvement.
In 1980, China had a total of 2.83 million machine tools, most of which were roughing machines, and few precision machining machines. 30 years later, in 2008, China's machine tool industry had 5,382 companies of various types, with huge teams and uneven growth; the national machine tool ownership was about 7 million units (about 2.4 million units in the US and 1.4 million units in Japan), of which rough processing Lathes still account for more than 40%, precision grinding machines are less than 10%, CNC machine tools account for about 10%, and the composition ratio is still backward (developed CNC machine tools account for about 20%-30%, and the matching rate is high). We should aim at this situation, determine development goals based on market demand, and formulate development plans to enable the Chinese machine tool industry to develop in a healthy, orderly, and scientific manner in the right direction.
(2) Weak scientific research, lack of talents, low quality, and insufficient cooperation. The scientific research system of China's machine tool industry is disorderly and weak, and scientific research is not in-depth, systematic, and meticulous. After the original seven comprehensive machine tool research institutes were reorganized into enterprises, the four functions of "staff, tackling, organization, and service" were greatly weakened, and the research and development of basic and shared technologies was lacking.
The lack of expert talents, senior technicians and skilled workers in the Chinese machine tool industry has constrained the long-term sustainable development of the industry. The quality of the products is not high, and the reliability and stability of the machine tools are also long-standing ailments. In addition, the technology chain, production chain and supply chain of the machine tool industry are loosely disconnected, each fighting and lacking cooperation.
(3) The composition ratio of CNC machine tools is unreasonable, lacks matching, and the key technologies depend on imports. China's CNC machine tools are developing rapidly, and the current output and consumption rank first in the world. However, at the technical level, most of the products are medium and low-end machine tools, which can only reach the world's second and third-rate levels. About 70% of the advanced CNC machine tools used in China's aerospace, automotive and other industries rely on imports from abroad. The development of domestic high-end CNC machine tools has just begun.
The development of CNC machine tools in China is out of touch with the development of CNC systems, functional components and cutting tools. The supporting technology is not good, the quality is not too hard, and the innovation and development of the host technology are also restricted. In addition, China's CNC machine tools have a large proportion of imitation, and key technologies and important components depend on imports, and independent innovation is insufficient.
In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the development of China's machine tool industry can be summarized as follows: great achievements and many problems.
Prospects At present, China has become the "main battlefield" for global machine tool enterprises. In the future, as China's industrialization process accelerates, the market demand for modern machine tools will increase. "The machine tool industry is strong, then the country is strong" and vice versa. This has been proved by the history of the world's science and technology and economy. After 60 years of development, China's machine tool industry has already had good strength. We should scientifically summarize the past history, carry forward the experience, learn lessons, recognize the characteristics and laws of the development of the machine tool industry, attach importance to the importance and strategic position of the machine tool, and accelerate the development of the machine tool industry as a long-term policy and goal for the future development of the national economy. One is to combine policy guidance with market competition, give full play to the respective advantages of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, and regard "talent, scientific research, quality, innovation, cooperation, and credibility" as the purpose of rapid and healthy development of China's machine tool industry. It is foreseeable that the Chinese machine tool industry will surely usher in a more brilliant tomorrow.
The main experience and lessons of the 60 years of development of China's machine tool industry
Since the founding of New China in 1949, China's machine tool industry has grown and developed, and it has been 60 years. Seeking truth from facts and evaluating the history of China's machine tool industry in the past 60 years can be summarized as "developing quickly, not doing a lot of work; having a lot of achievements and many problems." The machine tool industry is the basic equipment industry that realizes industrialization. Its importance and strategic significance are related to the long-term development of the national economy and the prosperity and strength of the country. It is by no means a trivial matter. Today, the world's machine tool industry is extremely competitive. In the global financial crisis, there are both challenges and opportunities. "The past things are not forgotten, the teacher of the aftermath", scientifically summarizing the experience and lessons of the development of China's machine tool industry is of vital importance to the future scientific development of the industry.