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Mineral deposits refer to the aggregates of useful minerals that are formed by geological action and have valuable mining and utilization value. Geological mining workers classify deposits in order to study the causes and development of deposits. The earliest documented classification of copper deposits in China is that Ding Wenjiang (1917) classified China’s copper deposits into five types, including porphyry copper deposits in disseminated copper deposits, and proposed that the Shanxi Zhongtiaoshan copper deposit be produced in “ Precambrian crystal rock "is a" low-grade disseminated ore." Afterwards, Zhu Xiren (1935) also discussed the types and distribution of copper in China, and proposed that the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yunnan are promising sources of copper for China. After the founding of New China, the classification of copper deposits was further studied. In 1953, Meng Xianmin and Song Shuhe studied the metallogenic geological conditions and distribution of China's copper deposits, proposed general survey exploration direction, and divided China’s copper deposits into porphyry copper ore types, pyrites, and layers according to industrial types. Seismological deposits, contact metastable deposits, polymetallic copper-bearing deposits, quartz copper-bearing veins, copper-nickel ore deposits, copper-containing sand shales, natural copper minerals, titanium-vanadium ore veins, and copper-cobalt ore deposits. In 1957, Xie Jiarong classified the origin of copper deposits in China into three categories: magmatic deposits, epigenetic deposits and metamorphic ore deposits, and further divided into 6 types and 22 types. In 1959, Guo Wenkui studied the types and distribution patterns of China's copper industry and arranged them according to various types of occupation reserves. He proposed that China's copper industry types can be divided into eight categories: layered copper (Dongchuan type) and veined disseminated copper. Minerals, contact and interpretation of skarn copper, pyrite copper, veins and Fumai copper, copper nickel deposits, copper sand shale, copper mine in Anshan basalt, etc. According to ore construction, metal combinations, ore body shape and shape and mineral age, and further divided into several sub-categories.
Since the 1970s, the classification of copper deposits has been divided into pure copper deposits by the combination of the occurrence, origin, and type of industry, and the combination of commodity value of ore and diagenesis and mineralization. Among them, Guo Wenkui classified copper deposits in China into six categories in 1976: 1 Copper deposits related to marine volcanism, which are further divided into massive sulfide-type copper deposits (including copper pyrite type Copper ore) and banded disseminated copper deposits in two subcategories; 2 Cu-Ni sulfide deposits related to basic-ultrabasic rock; 3 Related to intermediate-acid volcanic-deep igneous or shallow intrusive rocks Porphyry copper deposits; 4 skarn-type copper deposits related to intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks; 5 copper deposits dominated by terrestrial deposits; 6 copper deposits (layered copper deposits) related to marine sedimentation.
In 1989, the classification of copper deposits in China published in “China Mineral Deposits†(Song Shuhe, 1989), based on the classification of predecessors, focused on two basic factors: First, the geological factors of deposit formation, ie, the geology of the output. Environmental, ore-controlling factors and their causes; Second, the economic significance of commodity ores, that is, mineral deposits must be developed and utilized at this stage, and must have a certain scale. Based on these two principles, the Chinese copper deposits are divided into six categories: 1 copper-nickel sulfide deposits; 2 porphyry copper deposits; 3 skarn copper deposits, 4 volcanic rock copper deposits, 5 sedimentary rocks Stratified copper deposit, 6 continental sandstone copper deposit. As for quartz vein type copper deposits, natural copper deposits, etc., China has not yet discovered large and medium-sized mineral deposits, and is not the main object of mining, so it is not classified in this category.
In recent years, the classification of copper deposits at home and abroad tends to be based on ore-bearing rocks, and is classified in consideration of the geological environment and economic exploitation value of the deposits. For example, Wang Zhitian et al. (1994) classified the types of copper deposits in China into seven categories and counted the known types of large-scale copper deposits and their occupation of geological ages, reflecting the economic significance of deposit types (Table 3.7.4). Zong Zongyao et al. (1993) also used the ore-bearing rock as the main line, taking into account the metallogenic environment and the genesis of the deposits, and divided the Chinese copper deposits into five categories and 10 sub-categories (Table 3.7.5), and listed each type of ore-bearing rock and ore. Construction, ore body morphology, mineralization, mineral sources, mineralization environment, and deposit examples.
(II) Brief Description of Types of Copper Deposits in China
China’s copper deposits are of important economic significance and are of copper-nickel sulphide deposits, porphyry copper deposits, skarn copper deposits, volcanic copper deposits, layered copper deposits in sedimentary rocks. Terrestrial sandstone copper deposits. Among them, the reserves of the first four types of mineral deposits account for 90% of the total copper reserves in the country. These types of deposits have different mineralization environments and their own metallogenic characteristics. According to research results of Zong Zongyao et al. (1993) and Wang Zhitian et al. (1994), the ratio of occupied reserves of various types of ore deposits is briefly described as follows:
1. Porphyry copper (molybdenum) ore
This type is the most important type of copper mine in China, accounting for 45.5% of the country’s copper ore reserves. The scale of the deposit is huge. There are clusters of orebodies, and they are buried shallow, suitable for open-pit mining, and the ore has good performance. A total of molybdenum, gold, silver and a variety of scarce elements, can be integrated development, comprehensive utilization. Its metallogenic characteristics:
(1) The age of diagenesis and mineralization is a part of the porphyry copper deposits in the eastern New Zealand area. It is a part of the mineralization domain in the Coastal Pacific Ocean. The diagenesis and mineralization age is dominated by the Yanshanian period. For example, it is located in the northwest side of the western Pacific along the western Pacific belt, and the diagenesis and mineralization era of the Dexing super-large porphyry copper deposit on the northwestern side was 199～112Ma. The porphyry copper deposits in the northern part belong to the part of the ancient Asia metallogenic domain, and the diagenesis and mineralization era is mainly in the Hercynian and Yanshanian periods. For example, the diagenesis and mineralization time of the Duobaoshan porphyry copper deposit in the Daxinganling uplift zone and the Songliao settlement zone is between 292 and 245 Ma. The igneous succession of the Wunugu Tushan porphyry copper deposit in eastern Inner Mongolia is based on the Ergun fold system. Mine time 188 ~ 182Ma. The porphyry copper deposits in the southwestern part of the country are part of the Tethys-Himalaya metallogenic domain, and the diagenesis and mineralization era is dominated by the Himalayan period. For example, the Yulong super-large porphyry copper deposit in eastern Tibet is 55-35 Ma, the marathon is more porphyry copper deposit (33.2 Ma), and the doloxia pine-porphyry copper deposit is 30.9 Ma.
(2) Basic characteristics of ore-forming rocks Most ore deposits are mainly composed of multiple porphyrite bodies with multiple stages of high emplacement. The granite-related granitic rocks are mainly calcium-alkali series, followed by alkaline calcium series. These include granodiorite, two long granite porphyry, granite porphyry and other granitic rocks. The chemical composition of the granitoids related to mineralization is best with SiO2 2% to 68%. The rock chemistry is from neutral → moderately acidic → acidic, and the corresponding ore is built as Cu (Fe) → Cu (Au) → Cu (Mo) → Cu (Sn), and the magma differentiation index changes from 60% to 92%.
(3) Wall rock alterations Early, middle, and late early alterations include potassium silicate metasomatism, potassic horn rocks, and some Mg-Ca skarnites; metaphase alterations include scoria, yellowstone, and blue Shale and wet skarn; Late alterations include medium-deep mudstones, laulite-sulphate rock and so on.
(4) The secondary effects are not secondary to enrichment, which can enrich the porphyry copper ore grades and become a rich ore with great economic significance. Most of the secondary enrichment zone is the formation of a high-grade chalcocite ore deposit, which has a huge economic value. However, most deposits of porphyry copper deposits in China failed to form thick secondary enrichment belts, which are congenitally deficient. Therefore, most of the deposits are large-scale poor mines, and the copper grade is generally around 0.5%.
2. skarn copper mine
China's skarn copper deposits are very different from those of foreign countries. Their reserves account for a small proportion of foreign skarn-type copper deposits, while China accounts for a large proportion, and it has been proved that skarn-type copper deposits account for the entire country. 30% of copper reserves have become one of the important sources of copper mineral raw materials in China, second only to porphyry-type copper ore, and mainly rich in ore, together with pig iron, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, gold, Silver, as well as scarce elements, have considerable value for comprehensive utilization. Its characteristics:
(1) Temporal and spatial distribution Similar to porphyry copper (molybdenum) ore, the skarn-type copper ore has a diagenesis and mineralization age, mainly Yanshanian and Himalayan, followed by Indosinian and Hercynian. Mineralization is concentrated at 170 to 110 Ma, followed by 110 to 70 Ma. The spatial distribution of the deposits is mainly produced in the active depression belt in eastern China and is often accompanied by Mesozoic fault depression basins. Large-scale skarn copper deposits are mainly distributed in the Tieshan and Cuokshan of Hubei Province, Chengmenshan and Wushan of Jiangxi Province, and Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Fenghuangshan, Datunshan and other mining areas in Anhui Province; It is a Gexi Sn-Cu polymetallic ore field in the Jidong Depression, Shiqin in the South China fold, Qinjia in Guangxi, Baoshan in Hunan, Shouwangfen in the Yanshan Depression, Huanren in the Liaodong Tailong, and Jihei in the fold belt. Bow sheds and other mining areas.
(2) The ore-forming rock masses are mainly in the medium-deep and pale phases of medium-acid granitic rocks such as quartz diorite, quartz monzonite and granodiorite. Rock series are calcium alkaline - alkali calcium series. The formation of large-scale skarn copper deposits is related to the shape of the small rock mass and its morphology. The importance of the rock body morphology and metallogenesis is mushroom-like, box-like, cone-shaped, branch-forked, and interbedded rock wall.
(3) Surrounding rock lithology is an important condition for the formation of skarn copper deposits. The surrounding rocks that are conducive to the formation of large-scale skarn copper deposits are mostly argillaceous rocks, dolomitic limestones or carbonaceous limestones. For example, the surrounding rocks of the large skarn copper deposit in southern China are Carboniferous-Triassic dolomitic limestone. Ore-forming rocks and high-sulfur zones are more conducive to metallogenesis, such as some skarn-type copper deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
(4) The metasomatic series is mainly calcium skarn, followed by magnesium skarn.
(5) In shallow environments, the skarn-type copper ore is often co-produced with porphyry-type copper ore. In the porphyry body, porphyry-type fine veins are disseminated like copper mineralization. The contact zone is skarn type. Block ore, forming a "multiple in one" mineralization. Such as Jiangxi Chengmenshan and Hubei Fengshandong copper deposits.
3. Volcanic rock copper mine
This type is also one of the important types of copper mines in China. The proven copper reserves account for 8% of the country's copper reserves, of which the marine volcanic-type copper deposits account for 7%, and the continental volcanic-type copper deposits account for 1%.
In the past, marine volcanic rock copper mines were commonly referred to as pyrite-type copper ore, and were often symbiotic with lead and zinc. They were also accompanied by abundant gold, silver, cobalt, and scarce elements, which have great value for comprehensive utilization. Its metallogenic characteristics: The metallogenic epoch is wide, ranging from the Neoarchean period to the Triassic period. The mineralization environment is in the mid-ocean ridge, volcanic island arc, arc back basin, continental margin rift trough and land internal fracture. Valley and other environments have output.
The Neoproterozoic marine volcanic type copper deposits are usually produced in the Neoarchean deep metamorphic rock series. The ore-bearing rocks include pyroxenite amphibolite, biotite porphyritic gneiss, and garnet-bearing horn flash. Black cloud oblique long gneiss clips from the stone rock, amphibolite, etc., restore the original rock as a tholeiitic basalt - calcium alkaline england volcanic rock series. Therefore, these types of deposits are often referred to as submarine volcanic eruption sedimentary metamorphic ore deposits associated with the Archean greenstone belt, and Liaoning Hongtongshan copper-zinc deposit is one example.
Proterozoic is one of the important mineralization periods of marine volcanic rock in China. It is mainly distributed on the western and northern margins of the Yangtze Block. The Western margin metallogenic age is dominated by Paleoproterozoic. Representative deposits are the Dahongshan copper-iron deposit in Yunnan, the Lalachang copper-cobalt deposit in Sichuan, and the northern marginal and northwest marginal metallogenic era. Ancient times, representative deposits are Pengxian copper-zinc deposits in Sichuan, Liujiaping copper-zinc deposit in Shaanxi, and Xiyu copper-zinc deposit in Zhejiang. The volcanic rock series of these deposits are mainly skeletal porphyry, and the tectonic environment belongs to the volcanic basin of the continental marginal rift.
The Early Paleozoic was the most important metallogenic stage of marine volcanic copper deposits in China. Most of them were large-scale copper polymetallic deposits, which were mainly distributed in the Youdishan series of Qilianshan Mountain. Among them, the representative deposit is the Yaoyao Mountain, a large ore field of the Baiyin Plant in Gansu Province. Copper-zinc deposit, Huoshanshan copper-zinc deposit, Xiaotieshan copper-lead-zinc deposit, and Honggougou copper deposit in Qinghai. The volcanic rock series is mainly skeletal porphyry, and the tectonic setting is volcanic island arc and post-arc rift.
The mineralization environment of the late Paleozoic marine volcanic copper deposits is quite different and the deposits are distributed. For example, the Mardellini copper-zinc-cobalt large-scale deposit produced in the Carboniferous-Permian melange ophiolite belt in Qinghai, Qinghai; the Early-Middle Devonian Quartz Horn in the Kelan Volcanic Basin in the southern margin of Altai, Xinjiang Porphyry - aragonite pyroclastic rock Ashele copper zinc large deposits.
Mesozoic marine volcanic rock copper deposits occur in the Tethys-Himalayan basin in southwestern China. It has been ascertained that the metallogenic prospects of the late Daquan Changtai volcanic basin in Dege-Township are promising, and the Tongcun copper-polymetallic deposit has a large scale.
For the continental volcanic rock copper deposits, the discovered ore deposits are smaller than the above-mentioned ones irrespective of their size or reserves, and they have not been taken seriously for a long time. In recent years, due to the discovery of the large copper-gold deposit in the Zijin Mountain in Fujian Province, it has attracted the attention of the geological exploration and mining departments. This type of copper ore is mainly produced in the terrestrial volcanic activity belts of various eras, especially the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial volcanic geothermal water activity area. The current exploration and exploitation of terrestrial volcanic rock copper mines are as follows:
The copper deposits in the Emeishan basalt produced in the mafic volcanic rocks, although there are many ore deposits (or small deposits), have not yet discovered large or medium-sized deposits. Only the Erganshan Longmen copper deposit has been mined locally. The deposit was produced during the gap period of the Permian Emeishan basalt eruption. The orebodies were lenticular and sandwiched between basalt and variegated sandstones.
Produced in the mid-long British igneous volcanic rock in the copper ore, there have been found and inspected wells, Shek Mun, hairy dog ​​cages, etc. of Niangniang Mountain, Dapingshan and Handan volcanic rock basins of the Ninglang volcano basin. The Niangniang copper-gold deposit is produced in the cracks around the caldera, and the ore-bearing rocks are alkaline coarse-grained rocks, fused breccia, and rock-bound igneous rocks. The main ore body is composed of large veins and geese. The veins, copper, gold and silver are of high quality and are all rich mines.
The copper mines associated with the medium-acid volcanic rocks are the copper-gold deposits such as Zijinshan and Wuziqilong produced in the Huichang-Shanghang volcanic rock basin. The Zijinshan large-scale copper-gold deposit, containing ore-bearing rocks are early Yanshan granites, late Yanshanian Indus rocks and volcanic cryptoexplosive breccia. The ore body and hydrothermal breccia are mainly controlled by the northwest-facing dense fissure zone and the network vein fissure zone. The widespread development of hydrothermal rupturing breccia, quartz-aluminum petrochemistry and quartz-diopene petrochemistry constitutes the salient features of this type of deposit. Altered rocks have zonality, that is, from top to bottom, respectively, silicification → quartz - alum Petrochemical → quartz - Dikai petrochemical → quartz - sericite. Mineralization zone: The upper part is a gold and silver mineralization zone, and the lower part is a copper-lead-zinc mineralization zone. The deposit is large in scale and rich in grade.
4. Copper-nickel sulfide copper mine
The copper-nickel ore deposit in mafic-ultramafic rock is not only the most important type of nickel resource in China, but also one of the important types of copper ore. Copper reserves account for 7.5% of the country’s copper reserves.
The ore-forming environment of this type of deposit is mainly produced in the extensional tectonic setting and is controlled by the rifting and rifting belt between the ancient continental margin or micro-continental block. Under the control of tensile stress, the lithosphere becomes thin or even cracked, causing mantle upwelling. This leads to mafic-ultramafic rock emplaced in the shallow crust. The ore-bearing rock series are mainly ultramafic-mafic complex rocks, such as the Hongqiling 1 rock copper nickel mine in Jilin, Xinjiang Huangshan copper nickel mine, Sichuan Limahe copper-nickel ore; ultramafic rocks, such as Gansu Jinchuan copper nickel mine, Jilin Hongqiling No. 7 rock body copper-nickel ore; mafic rock, such as Xinjiang Kalatongke copper nickel mine.
The metallogenic epochs were mainly the Early, Middle Proterozoic, and the Middle and Late Paleozoic. For example, the Jibai cepresson copper-nickel deposit in Jilin is Paleoproterozoic 2242.5Ma; the Jinchuan copper-nickel deposit in Gansu Province is Mesoproterozoic 1509–1526Ma; the Hongqiling 7 Cu-Ni deposit in Jilin is the Late Paleozoic 231–350Ma, and the Lima River in Sichuan Copper-nickel deposits 322 ~ 353Ma, Xinjiang Kalatongke 306 ~ 284Ma; Xinjiang Huangshan copper-nickel ore is the Middle-late Paleozoic 270 ~ 390Ma.
The mineralization of copper-nickel sulphide deposits in China is dominated by deep-melting-infiltrating mineralization, which is different from that of foreign or similar ores. Small rock mass, high ore content.
5. Sedimentary rock layered copper deposit
Such deposits refer to bedded copper deposits that use sedimentary rocks or sedimentary metamorphic rocks as containment ore deposits. The ore-bearing rocks have completely normal sedimentary rock formations, as well as tuffs and volcanic tuff materials (volcanic material content is generally not high. Spray build-out at 50%).
The naming and sub-classification of this type of deposit and the classification of several deposits are still inconsistent in the geological deposits in China. For example, in the classification of controlled deposits, Tu Guangchi et al. (1984) classified the sedimentary rock copper deposits in China into two categories: 1 Sedimentation-metamorphism type: such as the Cuol deposits in the Yuanling Pass and Mesoproterozoic Yuanzigou of the Paleoproterozoic, the Early Paleozoic Liwu Copper Mine; 2 sedimentary transformation type: such as the Sino-(New) Proterozoic Huoge, Dongchuan-Yimen and other copper deposits, the Cretaceous Jizhong sandstone copper deposit. Wang Zhitian (1988) classified China’s copper ore types with the principle of mine formation and mineral deposit genesis, and named this type of copper mine as a “marine sedimentary (metamorphic) rock type†(including the environmental mineralization of China’s Neoprotero Dongchuan, Yimen, Tongan, Huoge, Jiaokou, Hujiabu, and Zizigou. According to the Chinese Copper Deposit Classification (1989), this type of deposit was named “Sedimentary Rock Stratiform Copper Deposit†and divided into three subcategories according to the characteristics of the surrounding rock of the deposit: 1 containing fine crushing Clastogenic copper deposits; 2 Carbonate-built copper deposits; 3 Terrestrial copper-containing sandstone-type copper deposits. Zong Zongyao et al. (1993) used the ore-bearing rocks as a basis, taking into account the metallogenic environment and the genesis of the deposits, proposed the classification of copper deposits in China, and classified the type of deposit as “copper deposits related to sedimentary rocks†and divided it into three Subcategories: 1 marine-type variegated rock type copper deposit; 2 continental variated rock-type copper deposit; 3 marine black rock-type copper deposit.
Although the classification of the above-mentioned families is not consistent with the classification and naming of sub-categories, these deposits are generally classified as sedimentary rock-containing ore deposits, or as copper deposits related to sedimentary rocks, which was formerly known as “sedimentation (metamorphism). ) Rock type "copper mine. Such deposits are generally larger in scale, richer in grade, rich in associated components, and have huge economic value. They are also one of the major types of copper deposits in China. Proved reserves account for copper reserves throughout the country. 8%. Among them, marine variegated rock type copper deposits accounted for 4%, marine black rock type copper deposits accounted for 2.5%, and terrestrial variegated rock type copper deposits accounted for 1.5%.
Sea-phase variegated rock type copper deposit ("Chinese deposit" called carbonate rock type copper deposit). It is mainly produced in the Kangyuan-Yunnan proterozoic Kunyang rift environment. Representative deposits are the Dongchuan and Yimen copper deposits in Yunnan. The main geological feature of this type of deposit is that the deposit is produced in a specific layer, and the ore body is layered, lamellar, and lenticular. The ore structure is mainly in the shape of horsetail, disseminated, and clumps. The scale of the deposit is huge. The following typical deposit example Dongchuan copper ore field.
Marine Black Rock Type Copper Deposit ("Chinese Deposit" refers to a tectonic-clastic rock-formed copper deposit). The so-called marine black rock series mainly refers to the rock series composed of black fine clastic rock, clayey rock and dolomite, and is rich in pyrite and other metal sulfides and organic matter. Some of these rock formations and ore deposits are formed directly by hydrothermal chemical deposits flowing out of the seabed, and are called hydrothermal chemical sedimentary rocks (jet rock). The main metallogenic characteristics of these deposits are: the metallogenic era is mainly Mesoproterozoic, the ore-forming environment is mainly rift or rift pits, and the ore-bearing rocks are fine clastic rock-clay rock-dolomite, usually black; Most of the ore bodies are layered and stratified, and they are produced in relatively fixed layers. The ore is mainly constructed of copper and copper polymetallic ore combinations. Representative deposits include the Tongzigou, Hujiayu copper deposit in Zhongtiaoshan, Shanxi Province, and the Huoge and Kejiakou copper-zinc deposits in Langshan, Inner Mongolia.
The ore-bearing horizons of the Zizigou and Hujiayu deposits are located between the dolomitic marble of the Yujiashan Formation and the black schist of the Yanzigou Formation in the Zhongtiaoshan Group of the Middle Proterozoic. The orebody is in a layered and lenticular form, and the ore has a pronounced stratified structure. The ore-bearing rocks of the Zizigou copper deposit are mainly gold (black) mica-quartz-dolomite marble, albite-quartz-dolomite marble, and quartz-dolomite marble. The ore-bearing rocks of the Nanhegou copper deposit in Hujiayu are mainly quartz albite, gold (black) mica-quartz-dolomite marble, albite-quartz-dolomite marble and breccia; old Baotan copper The ore-bearing rock of the deposit is mainly structural breccia.
The Langshan-Zarrtai area in Inner Mongolia is another important area of ​​the Mesoproterozoic marine black rock type copper deposit, known as the Langshan-Zarrtai polymetallic ore belt. The western system of ore-bearing rocks is called the Wolf Mountain Group; the system of eastern ore-bearing rocks is called the Zherthai Group. Copper reserves are mainly concentrated in the western part of the ore belts, such as the Huogexin and the carbon kiln mouths and other copper-lead-zinc deposits. The eastern part of the ore belt is dominated by zinc (lead)-pyrite, such as deposits such as A Shengpan and Shanpenggou.
6. Terrestrial mottled rock type copper deposit
The "Chinese deposit" refers to a terrestrial copper-bearing sandstone-type copper deposit. This type of deposit is often referred to as a red copper deposit. This type of copper mine, although currently proven reserves are small, accounting for only 1.5% of the country's copper reserves, but the copper grade is higher, mainly rich ore, copper grade 1.11% ~ 1.81%, and Associated with the rich silver, selenium and other elements, some deposits can be circled into separate silver ore body and selenium ore body, with mining economic value, but also have some prospecting prospects, it is worth paying attention to exploration and development. At present, the discovered deposits are mainly distributed in the southwestern and southern China-Cenozoic terrestrial red basins (referred to as the Red Basin). The main metallogenic geological characteristics: 1 The terrestrial ore-bearing variegated rock has a unique structure, usually the lower part is coal-bearing, the middle part is copper-bearing, and the upper part is gypsum salt; 2 the ore deposits are distributed in the land-sourced denudation area of ​​the ore source. The side of the red layer basin edge; 3 the ore body is produced on the side of the light-colored belt of the purple-shallow interaction zone; 4 the ore body is layered and lenticular; the metal mineral in the ore body has obvious zonation, from the purple side The change to minerals on the light-colored side is a natural copper belt → chalcocite (selenium-copper) belt → bornite belt → chalcopyrite belt → pyrite belt; 6 migration characteristics of the ore-bearing layer, towards the basin center of settlement Gradually raise; 7 The mineralization age of industrial deposits mainly concentrated in the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Representative deposits: Sichuan Huili Datong Plant The Mesozoic Red Basin receives detrital replenishment from the copper-rich land-sourced denudation zone of the Kangxi Depression and forms large-medium-sized glutenite-type copper deposits in the Cretaceous river bed conglomerate and sandstone layers. . The northern margin of the Mesozoic Red Basin in Yunnan, Central Yunnan, was recharged by copper-rich terrestrial clastic material on the Kangxi axis, resulting in the formation of many sandstone copper deposits, such as the Liuyao copper deposit (medium type) and the Dacun copper deposit (medium type) in Dayao County. , Luding County Haojiahe copper (medium) and Qingshui River, Yangjiashan, Qinglong plant and other copper deposits. The southern margin of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Red Basin in Hengyang, Hunan Province, was due to recharge from the rich copper-rich uranium land-sourced denuded area in Nanling and the Chejiang copper deposit formed in the Tertiary variegated sandstone.
China copper deposit type
(I) Classification of copper deposits in China