The high levels of zinc and copper in the animal's feces lead to an increase in the content of two elements in the soil, leading to serious environmental problems. So how can we reduce this impact through feed measures? Preventing the accumulation of zinc and copper in the soil requires two actions. First, the amount of feces on the site should be reduced. However, it is not enough to achieve a balance between the supply and release of zinc and copper in the environment. Second, to achieve a balance between the supply and release of zinc and copper, it is also necessary to reduce the levels of both elements in animal feed. In general, the content of zinc and copper in the feed far exceeds the actual demand, and the excess is not absorbed, but is discharged through the intestines in the form of feces. Reduce the content of zinc and copper in poultry feed To reduce the levels of zinc and copper in poultry feed, it is important to understand the needs of poultry, taking into account the different functions of these trace elements. By reviewing the literature, it can be found that animals have a wider demand for zinc and copper. This shows that the real demand for trace elements is not fully understood. The study of trace elements is not as extensive as the study of other nutrients such as energy and amino acids. The reason is that the addition of trace elements is not a problem in the past, and the safety margin for improving poultry production performance through trace elements is large. In addition, the demand depends on the parameters of the research to be investigated. The optimum feed conversion, growth or egg quality requirements for trace elements vary. Demand is also affected by factors such as age, health, stress, other nutrients and environmental conditions. In addition, zinc and copper interact strongly with each other and with other trace elements. High levels of zinc in the diet can cause copper deficiency and vice versa. Although the exact demand for zinc and copper is not clear, the content of both in EU poultry feed actually exceeds the amount required for poultry. The EU's licensing standards include a safety margin to ensure that animal needs are properly considered. For example, zinc licensing standards are twice as high as actual demand (based on meta-analysis, Table 1). Therefore, there is a big gap between the demand for micronutrients and the amount of permits for chickens. A better understanding of the animal's need for trace elements can be of great help in reducing zinc and copper in feed. Program to reduce the level of zinc and copper How to understand the demand can reduce the levels of zinc and copper by reducing the total level of trace elements in the feed or increasing its bioavailability. 1. Reduce the level of One way to reduce the zinc and copper content of the feed is to reduce the levels of these trace elements in the premix. This is possible, for example in the fattening stage of broilers. It is not necessary to add additional trace elements in the final stages of production. Supplying half the dose of zinc (100 vs. 50 mg/kg) and copper (15 vs. 7.5 mg/kg) does not affect broilers during the 0-37 day period. Production performance. 2. Organic and inorganic mineral sources Another way to reduce the zinc and copper content of feed is to increase the bioavailability of trace elements. Organic trace elements and inorganic trace elements can be distinguished. Inorganic sources are mainly inorganic substances mainly in the form of oxides, sulfates, chlorides and carbonates. Inorganic sources dissociate in the low pH environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract, where minerals are easily damaged by the action of various nutrients and different components. Organic trace elements are so-called chelate compounds formed by the combination of organic ligands (usually amino acids or small peptides) and minerals. The literature shows that the bioavailability of different organic zinc sources is more than 150% compared with inorganic zinc sources, with the content of zinc in the tibia as a reference parameter. Compared with inorganic copper, organic copper has a weaker effect. Using the copper content of the liver as a drinking parameter, the bioavailability of the copper chelate was 112% relative to copper sulfate. It should be pointed out that copper in the liver can be used as an indicator of copper toxicity. If the level of copper in the liver is too high, the body will reduce the absorption of copper. In addition, research on the bioavailability of copper is not so extensive. Organic zinc and copper sources can also be used in combination. The two may not compete for transporters in the intestine, but the inorganic acid source will. Therefore, as previously mentioned, the interaction between zinc and copper can be observed by using the inorganic form of both, rather than using only one of them or using their organic form. Increased bioavailability of organic zinc and organic copper is useful for reducing levels in the diet and reducing excretion. However, by observation, its effect on production performance is not uniform. For broilers, the use of organic mineral sources has been observed to have an effect on body weight gain and has no effect on feed conversion. By using an organic source, the eggshell strength and thickness of the egg are increased, which is of great significance to large-day hens. In egg breeders, organic mineral sources increased egg yield by 4.1% and the number of eggs increased by 4.9%. 3. The use of phytic acid hexaphosphate The third method is to reduce the zinc and copper content of the feed by using phytase. Phytate is often used in poultry diets to utilize phytate phosphorus. However, amino acids, fats, and mineral elements such as zinc and copper are also combined with phytic acid. The addition of phytate to the diet allows the use of phosphorus and other nutrients. Some studies have shown that the retention of zinc and copper and other minerals increases when phytate is added to broiler diets. According to The European Food Safety Authority, feeding pigs with phytic acid can reduce the maximum zinc content in full-price feed by 30%. It is expected that poultry can achieve such a similar effect. Zinc and copper are essential nutrients, and the amount allowed in animal feed is higher than the actual demand. We need to know that zinc and copper are essential nutrients that need to be replenished. However, the amount of zinc and copper allowed in the feed in the EU is higher than the actual demand of the animal. Therefore, the level of both in the feed can be reduced by the increase in utilization. This can be achieved by the use of zinc phytate and copper. Thereafter, the utilization of zinc and copper can be further improved by using an organic zinc and an organic copper source. Organic sources do not always improve production performance, but because of their higher utilization efficiency, higher retention rates and lower discharge ratios of zinc and copper are formed. Source: All About Feed Magazine 2016, Volume 24, Issue 1 Author: Laura Star, the Netherlands Institute for feed Schothorst stainless steel sink strainer can be used for fruit and vegetable washing drain basket, it is a useful stainless steel kitchen tool and it also called Draining Rack or draining basket. It is very useful when you wash your fruit and vegetable, it will make your fruit and vegetable health to eat.
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